感恩節的由來:

每逢11月第四個星期四，美國人最重要的傳統民俗節日感恩節。這個節日始于1621年。那年秋天，遠涉重洋來到美洲的英國移民，為了感謝上帝賜予的豐收，舉行了3天的狂歡活動。從此，這一習俗就沿續下來，並逐漸風行各地。1863年，美國總統林肯正式宣佈感恩節為國定假日。屆時，家家團聚，舉國同慶，其盛大﹑熱烈的情形，不亞于中國人過春節。

感恩節的起源，和英國基督教的宗教紛爭有關。大約在公元16世紀末到17世紀，英國清教徒發起了一場來勢猛烈的宗教改革運動，宣佈脫離國教，另立教會，主張清除基督教聖公會內部的殘餘影響。但是，在17世紀中葉時，保皇議會通過了，信奉國教法》，清教徒開始遭到政府和教會勢力的殘酷迫害，逮捕﹑酷刑，宗教審判，每時每刻都在威脅著清教徒。被逼無奈，他們祇得遷往荷蘭避難。但是，寄人籬下的日子不好過。在荷蘭，清教徒不僅沒能逃脫宗教迫害，而且飽受戰爭帶來的痛苦和折磨。更令他們難以忍受的是，遠在異國他鄉，孩子們受不到“英國式的教育，對故土的感情一天一天地淡薄下去。為了徹底逃脫宗教迫害的魔爪，為下一代保留住祖國的語言和傳統，他們再一次想到大遷徒。

天下雖大，何處是這群天涯淪落人的歸宿呢﹖想來想去，他們把目光投向了美洲。哥倫布在100多年前發現的這塊“新大陸”，地域遼闊，物產富饒，而且有很多地方還是沒有國王。沒有議會﹑沒有劊子手﹑未開發的處女地。只有在這樣的地方，他們才能輕輕鬆松地生活，自由自在地信奉﹑傳播自己所喜歡的宗教，開拓出一塊屬於清教徒的人間樂園。

於是，清教徒的著名領袖布雷德福召集了102名同伴，在1620年9月，登上了一艘重180噸，長90英尺的木制帆船──五月花號，開始了哥倫布遠征式的冒險航行。對於航海來說，這艘有著浪漫名稱的船只未免太小了。由於形勢所迫，他們“選擇”的，又是一年中最糟的渡洋季節。不過，懷著對未來的美好憧憬，為了找回失去的權利和自由，這群飽經懮患的人已經不顧一切了。

海上風急浪高，五月花號就像狂風暴雨中的一片樹葉，艱難地向前漂泊著，幾乎隨時都有船毀人亡的危險。但在大家的共同努力下，船沒有遇到任何損害，並在航行了66天後，于11月21日安抵北美大陸的科德角，即今天美國馬薩諸塞州普羅文斯敦港。稍事休整後，五月花號繼續沿海岸線前進。由於逆風和時差，它沒有能到達預定的目的地──弗吉尼亞的詹姆斯敦，反而在聖誕節後的第一天，把他們送上了新英格蘭的土地。

有意思的是，在這次充滿危險的遠征中，所有探險者只有一人死亡。但由於旅途中誕生了一名嬰兒，使到達美洲的人不多不少，仍然是102名。移民都是虔誠的教徒，衷心感謝上帝的睠顧。

現在，呈現在他們面前的，完全是一塊陌生的土地，蜿蜒曲折的海岸線，顯得沉寂﹑荒涼。因此，大約在一個月內，移民們不敢貿然靠岸，仍然以船為家。在此期間，他們派出了偵察隊，乘坐小船在科德角灣沿線尋找定居地。一天，正在大家焦急等待的時候，偵察隊返回來報告說，他們發現了一個適合移民們居住的﹑真正的“天堂”。“天堂”就是今天的普利茅斯港，這是一個天然的良港，非常適合五月花號停泊。港口附近有一個優良的漁場，可以提供大量的海產品。不遠處一片連綿起伏的小山，就像一道天然屏障，把這塊土地環繞起來。在明亮的陽光下，結了冰的小溪反射著晶瑩的光澤，可以為移民們提供充足的淡水。開墾過的肥沃農田，一塊一塊整整齊齊地排列著。除此之外，他們還看到了一片雖然殘破，卻足以遮風避雨，幫助他們度過嚴冬的房屋……看起來，一切都不錯，而且不能再好了。唯一令他們感到迷惘的是，這片到處都有人類生活遺跡的土地，竟然看不到一個人影，一縷炊煙，顯得是那樣荒涼，倒好似事先就為他們準備的一樣。後來才知道，這裡原來是一個相當繁榮的印第安村落。幾年前天花流行，全村人無一幸免，這才使它成了這群異國漂泊者的最佳避難所。

幾天後，五月花號渡過了科德角灣，在普利茅斯港拋下了錨鏈。移民們劃著小艇登陸時，按照古老的航海傳統，首先登上了一塊高聳于海面上的大礁石。五月花號上禮炮轟鳴，人聲鼎沸，共同慶祝新生活的開始。後來，這塊礁石就被稱為“普利茅斯石”，成為美洲新英格蘭第一個永久性殖民地的歷史見證。

不過，對這些渴望幸福的移民來說，第一個冬天並不美好。從大西洋上吹來的凜冽寒風，像魔鬼一樣在空中嘶鳴，漫天的冰雪，無情地拍打著簡陋的住房。在這一片冰天雪地裡，移民們缺少必要的裝備，也缺乏在這片土地上生活的經驗。在繁忙勞動的重壓下，不少人累倒了，累病了，惡劣的飲食，難以忍受的嚴寒，使更多的人倒地不起。接踵而來的傳染病，奪去許多人的生命。一個冬天過去，歷盡千難萬險來到美洲

102名移民，只剩下了50個。幾乎每天都有人死去，幾乎天天都在做喪事。剛剛踏上這片土地時的歡樂沒有了。每個人﹑的心頭，都被一種空前絕望的氣氛所籠罩。一個夢，一個剛剛開始的夢，難道就這樣打破了﹖

第二年春天的一個早晨，一名印第安人走進了普利茅斯村。他自我介紹說，他是臨近村落的印第安酋長派來察看情況的。這是移民們來到美洲後接待的第一個客人。他們向客人傾訴了自己的來歷以及所經受的種種無以復加的苦難。印第安人默默地聽著，臉上流露出無限的憐憫和同情。事情就此有了轉機，幾天後，這名印度安人把他的酋長馬薩索德帶進了移民們的房屋。酋長是個慷慨熱情的人，他向移民表示了熱烈的歡迎，給他們送來了許多生活必需品作禮物。派來了最有經驗﹑最能幹的印第安人，教給移民們怎樣在這塊土地上生活，教他們捕魚﹑狩獵﹑耕作以及飼養火雞等技能。

這一年，天公作美，風調雨順，再加上印第安人的指導和幫助，移民們獲得了大豐收，終於闖過了生活的難關，過上了安定﹑富裕的日子，就在這一年秋天，已成為普利茅斯總督的布雷德福頒佈了舉行盛典，感謝上帝睠顧的決定，這就是歷史上的第一個感恩節。當然，他沒有忘記為移民們排懮解難的真正“上帝”──熱情﹑好客﹑智慧的印第安人，特地邀請馬薩索德和他手下的印第安人前來參加節日慶典。

印第安人欣然接受了邀請，提前送來了5只鹿作為禮物。11月底的一天，移民們大擺筵席，桌子上擺滿了自山林中打來的野味和用自產的玉米﹑甫瓜﹑筍瓜﹑火雞等製作的佳餚。慶祝活動一共進行了3天，白天，賓主共同歡宴，暢敘友情。晚上，草地上燃起了熊熊簧火，在涼爽的秋風中，印第安小伙子同普利茅斯殖民地的年輕人一起跳舞﹑唱歌﹑摔跤﹑射箭，氣氛非常熱烈。

到了19世紀末﹐感恩節已經在美國東部的新西蘭州十分風行。1863年﹐林肯總統把感恩節定為國定假日。到1941年﹐美國國會通過一項法令﹐把感恩節定在每年十一月的第四個星期四。

美國人過感恩節主要是家人團聚﹐然後是大家一起享受一頓豐盛的節日晚餐。家人不住在一個城市的都要在感恩節前回家團圓。跟中國人過春節差不多。新聞媒體報導說﹐感恩節假期也是美國航空公司最緊張的時候﹐飛機幾乎班班客滿﹐還常常會出現班機誤點等的情形。可是﹐為了和家人團聚﹐共度節日﹐人們大概也是心甘情願的。

每逢感恩節﹐美國人家家戶戶都要吃火雞。火雞都已經成為感恩節的象徵。另外他們通常還吃一些傳統的菜餚﹐例如西葫蘆﹑奶油洋蔥﹑土豆泥﹑南瓜派等等。

紐約有一個比較特殊的活動﹐那就是梅西百貨公司每年感恩節都要舉行節日遊行。

今天，在美國人心目中，感恩節是比聖誕節還要重要的節日。首先，它是一個長達4天的假日，足以使人們盡情狂歡﹑慶祝。其次，它也是傳統的家庭團聚的日子。感恩節期間，散居在他鄉外地的家人，都要趕回家過節，這已經成了全國性的習俗。此外，美國人一年中最重視的一餐，就是感恩節的晚宴。在美國這個生活節奏很快，競爭激烈的國度裡，平日的飲食極為簡單。美國的快餐流行世界，就是一個很好的說明。但在感恩節的夜晚，家家戶戶都大辦筵席，物品之豐盛，令人咋舌。在節日的餐桌上，上至總統，下至庶民，火雞和南瓜餅都是必備的。這兩味“珍品”體現了美國人民憶及先民開拓艱難﹑追思第一個感恩節的情緒。因此，感恩節也被稱為“火雞節”。

儘管感恩節是閤家團圓的日子，每年節日期間，仍然有成千上萬人抽出余暇，前往普利茅斯港參觀﹑遊覽，重溫美國的歷史。今天，不僅美國人過感恩節，加拿大人也把它視為例行節日（按：加拿大感恩節是在十月份的第二個星期一）。這或許因為，在加拿大這片廣闊的土地上，也生活著許多英國移民的後裔吧﹗

參考資料 http://ace.twfc.org.tw/n/11-4-4.htm

The History of Thanksgiving
and its Celebrations

Throughout history mankind has celebrated the bountiful harvest with thanksgiving ceremonies.

Before the establishment of formal religions many ancient farmers believed that their crops contained spirits which caused the crops to grow and die. Many believed that these spirits would be released when the crops were harvested and they had to be destroyed or they would take revenge on the farmers who harvested them. Some of the harvest festivals celebrated the defeat of these spirits.

Harvest festivals and thanksgiving celebrations were held by the ancient Greeks, the Romans, the Hebrews, the Chinese, and the Egyptians.

The Greeks

The ancient Greeks worshipped many gods and goddesses. Their goddess of grains was Demeter who was honored at the festival of Thesmosphoria held each autumn.

On the first day of the festival married women (possibility connecting childbearing and the raising of crops) would build leafy shelters and furnish them with couches made with plants. On the second day they fasted. On the third day a feast was held and offerings to the goddess Demeter were made – gifts of seed corn, cakes, fruit, and pigs. It was hoped that Demeter’s gratitude would grant them a good harvest.

The Romans

The Romans also celebrated a harvest festival called Cerelia, which honored Ceres their goddess of grains (from which the word cereal comes). The festival was held each year on October 4th and offerings of the first fruits of the harvest and pigs were offered to Ceres. Their celebration included music, parades, games and sports and a thanksgiving feast.

The Chinese

The ancient Chinese celebrated their harvest festival, Chung Ch’ui, with the full moon that fell on the 15th day of the 8th month. This day was considered the birthday of the moon and special “moon cakes”, round and yellow like the moon, would be baked. Each cake was stamped with the picture of a rabbit – as it was a rabbit, not a man, which the Chinese saw on the face of the moon.

The families ate a thanksgiving meal and feasted on roasted pig, harvested fruits and the “moon cakes”. It was believed that during the 3 day festival flowers would fall from the moon and those who saw them would be rewarded with good fortune.

According to legend Chung Ch’ui also gave thanks for another special occasion. China had been conquered by enemy armies who took control of the Chinese homes and food. The Chinese found themselves homeless and with no food. Many staved. In order to free themselves they decided to attack the invaders.

The women baked special moon cakes which were distributed to every family. In each cake was a secret message which contained the time for the attack. When the time came the invaders were surprised and easily defeated. Every year moon cakes are eaten in memory of this victory.

The Hebrews

Jewish families also celebrate a harvest festival called Sukkoth. Taking place each autumn, Sukkoth has been celebrated for over 3000 years.

Sukkoth is know by 2 names – Hag ha Succot – the Feast of the Tabernacles and Hag ha Asif – the Feast of Ingathering. Sukkoth begins on the 15th day of the Hebrew month of Tishri, 5 days after Yom Kippur the most solemn day of the Jewish year.

Sukkoth is named for the huts (succots) that Moses and the Israelites lived in as they wandered the desert for 40 years before they reached the Promised Land. These huts were made of branches and were easy to assemble, take apart, and carry as the Israelites wandered through the desert.

When celebrating Sukkoth, which lasts for 8 days, the Jewish people build small huts of branches which recall the tabernacles of their ancestors. These huts are constructed as temporary shelters, as the branches are not driven into the ground and the roof is covered with foliage which is spaced to let the light in. Inside the huts are hung fruits and vegetables, including apples, grapes, corn, and pomegranates. On the first 2 nights of Sukkoth the families eat their meals in the huts under the evening sky.

The Egyptians

The ancient Egyptians celebrated their harvest festival in honor of Min, their god of vegetation and fertility. The festival was held in the springtime, the Egyptian’s harvest season.

The festival of Min featured a parade in which the Pharaoh took part. After the parade a great feast was held. Music, dancing, and sports were also part of the celebration.

When the Egyptian farmers harvested their corn, they wept and pretended to be grief-stricken. This was to deceive the spirit which they believed lived in the corn. They feared the spirit would become angry when the farmers cut down the corn where it lived.

The United States

In 1621, after a hard and devastating first year in the New World the Pilgrim’s fall harvest was very successful and plentiful. There was corn, fruits, vegetables, along with fish which was packed in salt, and meat that was smoke cured over fires. They found they had enough food to put away for the winter.

The Pilgrims had beaten the odds. They built homes in the wilderness, they raised enough crops to keep them alive during the long coming winter, and they were at peace with their Indian neighbors. Their Governor, William Bradford, proclaimed a day of thanksgiving that was to be shared by all the colonists and the neighboring Native American Indians.

The custom of an annually celebrated thanksgiving, held after the harvest, continued through the years. During the American Revolution (late 1770’s) a day of national thanksgiving was suggested by the Continental Congress.

In 1817 New York State adopted Thanksgiving Day as an annual custom. By the middle of the 19th century many other states also celebrated a Thanksgiving Day. In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln appointed a national day of thanksgiving. Since then each president has issued a Thanksgiving Day proclamation, usually designating the fourth Thursday of each November as the holiday.

Canada

Thanksgiving in Canada is celebrated on the second Monday in October. Observance of the day began in 1879.

參考資料  http://www.holidays.net/thanksgiving/story.htm